VIDEO PRODUCTION

Video production:

Video production is videography, the process of capturing moving images on electronic media even streaming media. The term includes methods of production and post-production. It is the equivalent of filmmaking, but with images recorded electronically instead of film stock.

It is the art service of creating content, video editing and delivering finished video product as is the case of distributing television programs for broadcast syndication. This can include production of television commercials, corporate videos, event videos, wedding videos and special-interest home videos. A video production can range in size from a family making home movies with a prosumer camcorder, a one solo camera operator with a professional video camera in a single-camera setup, a videographer with a sound person, to a multiple-camera setup shoot in a television studio to a production truck requiring a whole television crew for an electronic field production (EFP) with a production company with set construction on the backlot of a movie studio.

Styles of shooting include on a tripod for a locked-down shot; hand-held to attain a more jittery camera angle or looser shot, incorporating Dutch angle, Whip pan and whip zoom; on a jib that smoothly soars to varying heights; and with a Steadicam for smooth movement as the camera operator incorporates cinematic techniques moving through rooms, as can be seen in Pulp Fiction and The Shining. A "Poor Man's Steadicam" is the Easyrig which is worn by the shooter like a tight vest with an arm that holds the camera.

Elements of Video Production:

All video productions are organized in the way noted below to ensure that the process is a seamless one, and the final-result is as envisioned.

• Pre-production: Pre-production is the planning stage of your shoot, and occurs before the camera starts rolling. By creating storyboards, scouting locations, and figuring out the budget ahead of time, the goal is for your production to be free of unnecessary worry.

        

• Video production: Production is the shooting stage of the shoot, which includes cinematography, audio. lights, as well as directing, art and effects. This may also include other elements, such as actors and presenters.

• Post-production: Post-production begins when the camera stops rolling. All footage is then logged and captured, organized, and then edited. This may include recording a voice-over, adding graphics, composing a music score or soundtrack, including animation sequences and Digital video effects. Different color compositions are made as well.

POST PRODUCTION

Post-production:

Post-production is part of filmmaking and the video production process. It occurs in the making of motion pictures, television programs, radio programs, advertising, audio recordings, photography, and digital art. It is term for all stages of production occurring after the actual end of shooting and/or recording the completed work.

Post-production, in fact, many different processes grouped under one name. These typically include:

• Video editing the picture of a television program using an edit decision list (EDL)


• Writing, recording, and editing the soundtrack


• Adding visual special effects v - mainly computer-generated imagery (CGI) and digital copy from which release prints will be made.


• Sound design, Sound effects, ADR, Foley and Music, culminating in a process known as sound re-recording or mixing with professional audio equipment.


• Transfer of Color motion picture film to Video or DPX with a telecine and color grading in a color suite.

Typically, the post-production phase of creating a film takes longer than the actual shooting of the film, and can take several months to complete.

Post-production was named the one of the 'Dying Industries' by IBIS World. The once exclusive service offered by high end post houses or boutique have been eroded away by video editing software that operates on a non-linear editing system (NLE). However, traditional post-production services are being surpassed by digital, leading to sales of over $6 billion annually.

The digitally revolution has made the video editing workflow process immeasurably quicker, as practitioners moved from time-consuming linear video editing online editing suites, to computer hardware and video editing software such as Adobe Premiere, Final Cut Pro, Avid, Sony Vegas and Lightworks.

FILM DIRECTOR

Film Director:

A film director is a person who directs the actors and film crew in filmmaking. They control a film's artistic and dramatic aspects, while guiding the technical crew and actors.

Responsibilities:

Directors are responsible for overseeing creative aspects of a film under the film producer. They often develop the vision for a film and carry the vision out, deciding how the film should look. They are responsible for turning the script into a sequence of shots. They also direct what tone it should have and what an audience should gain from the cinematic experience. Film directors are responsible for deciding cameras angles, lens effects and lighting with the help of the cinematographer, and set design with the production designer. They will often take part in hiring key crew members. They coordinate the actor's moves, or blocking, and also may be involved in the writing, financing, and editing of a film.

The director works closely with the cast and crew to shape the film. Some like to conduct rigorous rehearsals in pre production while others do so before each scene. In either case, this process is essential as it tells the director as well as key members of the crew, how the actors are going to play the scene, which enables them to make any necessary adjustments. Directors often use storyboards to illustrate sequences and concepts, and a director's viewfinder to set up camera angles.

The director also plays a key role in post-production. He or she works with the editor to ensure that the emotions of the scene and the close ups, mid shots and wide or long shots appropriately reflect which character is driving the narrative. The director also advises on the grading of the final images, adding warmth or frigidity to the composition of the shots to reflect the emotional subtext of the character or environment. The director will sometimes participate in the sound mix musical composition of the film.

Professional organizations:

In the United States, directors usually belong to the Directors Guild of America. The Canadian equivalent is the Directors Guild of Canada. In the UK, directors usually belong to Directors Guild of Great Britain. 

In Europe, FERA, the Federation of European Film Directors, represents 37 national directors guilds in 30 countries.

A new director working on feature films might earn as much as $200,000 a year, while the most successful can earn over$500,000 or even millions per film in some cases.

INTERNET MOVIE DATABASE

Internet Movie Database:

Internet Movie Database (IMDb) is an online database of information related movies, television shows, actors, production crew personnel, video games and fictional characters featured in visual entertainment media. IMDb was launched on October 17, 1990, and in 1998 was acquired by Amazon.com.

On the web:

By 1992, the database had been expanded to include additional categories of filmmakers and other demographic material, as well as trivia, biographies, and plot summaries; the movie ratings had been properly integrated with the list data; and a centralized email interface for querying the database had been created by Alan Jay. Later in the year, it moved onto the World Wide Web under the name of Cardiff Internet Movie Database.

The database resided on the servers of the computer science department of Cardiff University in the UK. Rob Hartill was the original web interface author. In 1994, the email interface was revised to accept the submission of all information, meaning that people no longer had to email the specific list maintainer with their updates. However, the structure remained that information received on a single film was divided among multiple section managers, the sections being defined and determined by categories of film personnel and the individual filmographies contained therein.

Its management also continued to be in the hands of a small contingent of underpaid or volunteer "section managers" who were receiving ever-growing quantities of information on films from around the world and across time from contributors of widely varying levels of expertise and informational resources. Despite the annual claims of Needham, in a year-end report newsletter to the Top 50 contributors, that "fewer holes" must now remain for the coming year, the amount of information still missing from the database was vastly underestimated. Over the next few years, the database was run on a network of mirrors across the world with donated bandwidth.

 The website is Perl-based. As of May 2011, the site has been filtered in China for more than one year, although many netizens address it through proxy server or by VPN.

On October 17, 2010, IMDb launched original video (www.imdb.com/20) in celebration of its 20th anniversary.

BRITISH BOARD OF FILM CLASSIFICATION

British Board of Film Classification:

The British Board of Film Classification (BBFC), originally British Board of Film Censors, is a non-government organisation, funded by the film industry and responsible for the national classification of films within the United Kingdom. It has a statutory requirement to classify videos, DVDs and some video games under the Video Recordings Act 2010.


Responsibility and power:

The BBFC rates theatrically released films, and rated videos and video games that forfeited exemption from the Video Recordings Act 1984, which was discovered in August 2009 to be unenforceable until the act was re-enacted as the Video recordings Act 2010. Legally, local authorities have the power to decide under what circumstances films are shown in cinemas, but they nearly always choose to follow the advice of the BBFC.

The Video Recordings Act requires that video releases not exempt under the Act had to be classified, making it illegal to supply any recording that had not been certified. Certificates could restrict release to any age of 18 or under, or to only licensed sex-shops. The government currently designate the BBFC as the authority for certifying video releases. As the law requires the certificate to be displayed on the packaging and media labels  of the video recording, in practice only UK releases can be legally sold or hired in the UK, even if a foreign release had identical content.

Video games with specific themes or content must also be submitted to the BBFC to receive a legally binding rating in the same way as videos, however the Digital Economy Act 2010, responsibility for rating games that include violence or encourage criminal activity will pass from the BBFC to the Video Standards Council. Other video games may be submitted at the publisher's discretion.

All films and video games rated by the BBFC receive, along with "consumer advice" detailing references to sex, violence and coarse language. If a certificate specifies that a film or video game is only suitable for someone over a certain age, then only those over that age may buy it.

CENSORSHIP IN SINGAPORE

Censorship in Singapore:

Censorship in Singapore mainly targets sexual, political, racial and religious issues, as defined by out-of-bounds makers.

Implementation:

The Media Development Authority (MDA) approves publications, issues arts entertainment licences and enforces the Free-to-air (FTA) TV Programme Code, cable TV Programme Code, TV Advertising Code, Radio Programme Code and Radio Advertising Code through financial penalties. The MDA's decisions may be appealed to the Broadcast, Publications and Arts Appeal Committee (BPAA) and the FIlms Appeal Committee (FAC).

The Censorship Review Committee (CRC) meets every ten years to "review and update censorship objectives and principles to meet the long-term interests of our society". The CRC was most recently reconvened in 2009 and made some 80 recommendations the following year, most of which were accepted.

Justification:

The Government of Singapore argues that censorship of violence and sexual themes is necessary as the Singapore populace is deeply conservative, and censorship of political, racial and religious content is necessary to avoid upsetting the balance of Singapore's delicate multi-racial society. K Bhavani, spokesperson of the Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts, has stated.

In relaxing our censorship policies, the Government needs to take into account the concerns and values of the majority of Singaporeans. Our people are still largely conservative. Hence, the Government needs to balance between providing greater space for free expression and the values upheld by the majority.

Commentators such as Alex Au, on the other hand, argue that true intention is to buttress the  continued political dominance of the People's Action Party, and to do so party by promoting the Government's social engineering efforts.

MOVIE STUDIO

Movie Studio:

A movie studio is, in the established sense of the term, a company that distributes motion pictures. Literally, however, the term denotes a controlled environment for filmmaking. This environment may be interior, exterior or both.

In general parlance, the term is synonymous with a major motion picture production company, due largely to the fact that the leading production companies of Hollywood's Golden Age--from the late 1920's to the late 1940s--owned their own studio facilities, as do a few today. However, worldwide the majority of production companies have never owned their own studios, but have rented space at independently owned facilities that, in many cases, never produce a picture of their own.

Beginnings:

In 1893, Thomas Edison built the first movie studio in the United States when he constructed the Black Maria, a tarpaper-covered structure near his laboratories in West Orange, New Jersey, and asked circus, vaudeville, and dramatic actors to perform for the camera. He distributed these movies at vaudeville theaters, penny arcades, wax museums, and fairgrounds. Other studio operations followed in New Jersey, New York City, and Chicago.

In the early 1900s, companies started moving to Los Angeles, California. Although electric lights were by then widely available, none were yet powerful enough to adequately expose film; the best source of illumination for motion picture production was natural sunlight. Some movies were shot on the roofs of buildings in Downtown Los Angeles. Early movie producers also relocated to Southern California to escape Edison's Motion Picture Patents Company, which controlled almost all the patents relevant to movie production at the time.

Today:

With the breakup of domination by "the Studios" and the continued incursion of television into the cinematic audience, the major production companies gradually transformed into management structures that simply put together artistic teams on a project-by-project and distribute the finished products. Their studio spaces or backlots have been in most cases retained and are available for rental.

FILM FRAME

Film Frame:

In filmmaking, video production, animation, and related fields, a film frame or video frame is one of the many still images which compose the complete moving picture. Historically, these were recorded on a long strip of photographic film, and each image looked rather like a framed picture when examined individually, hence the name.

The term may also be used more generally as a noun or verb to refer to the edges of the images as seen in a camera viewfinder or projected on a screen. Thus, the camera operator can be said to keep a car in frame by panning with it as it speeds past.

When the moving picture is displayed, each frame is flashed on a screen for a short time and then immediately replaced by the next one Persistence of vision blends the frames together, producing the illusion of a moving image.

The frame is also sometimes used as a unit of time, so that a momentary event might be said to last 6 frames; the actual duration of which depends on the frame rate of the system, which varies according to the video or film standard in use. In North America and Japan, 30 frames per second is the broadcast standard, with 24 frames now common in production for high-definition video. In much of the rest of the world, 25 frames is standard.

In systems historically based on NTSC standards, for reasons originally related to the color subcarrier in analog NTSC TV systems, the exact frame rate is often the nominal frame rate divided by 1.001 --so, for example, a nominal 30fps sequence is actually shot at 30/1.001=29.97002997...fps. This leads to many synchronization problems which are unknown outside the NTSC world, and leads to hacks such as drop-frame time code.  

In film projection, 24 frames is the norm, except in some special venue systems, such as IMAX, Showscan and lwerks 70, where 30, 48 or even 60 frames have been used. Silent films and 8mm amateur movies used 16 or 18 frames.

NEW YORK FILM ACADEMY

New York Film Academy:

New York Film Academy - School of film and Acting (NYFA) is a film school and acting school based in New York City, Universal City, California, USA and Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. NYFA offers short-term film-making and acting courses, as well as one-and two-year conservatory and Master of Fine Arts programs.

NYFA offers instruction in  Film Making, Producing, Screenwriting, Digital Filmmaking, Computer Animation, and Film Acting Programs at various locations throughout the world.

History:

The New York Film Academy was founded in 1992 by Jerry Sherlock, a former film, television and theater producer. Originally located at the Tribeca Film Center, NYFA moved in 1994 to Union Square, in a large building once housing the New York Political machine Tammany Hall. As of 2009, the school had 350 employees and over 6,000 students per year.

Philosophy:

The New York Film Academy's philosophy is based on a "learning by doing" approach with intensive hands-on training. Most students work outside their specialties to learn the art of film-making by doing various jobs associated with making films.

NYFA founder Jerry Sherlock explained to the Times in 2005 that he opened the school after hearing interest from parents and older relatives of aspiring young film'makers, and that he wanted to focus on practical experience:

Top International Film Academies:

• London Film Academy


• London Film School


• Mumbai Film Academy


• EICAR - The International Film School of Paris


• Sydney Film School


• The Vancouver Film School

FILMMUSEUM

  FILMSWORLDIN The Film museum im Stadmuseum is one of the great movie resources in Munich. It is part of the Munich City Museum. They show different movies every day except Monday, often quite old films, including an annual silent movie festival where many films are accompanied by live music - sometimes the original score, sometimes new compositions by such greats as Aljoscha Zimmermann.

The Film museum puts on theme weeks: the 2005-2006 season includes Orson Welles, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Thomas Mann, the first two years of German talkies, Erna Morena, and more. As befits a true art house, movies are always in the original version with subtitles, sometimes without subtitles. However, as also befits an art house, there are sometimes people there who're real film snobs and if you laugh at the funny parts they'll get huffy with you. Unfortunately you can't tell them to just rent the DVD if they want to watch the movie without other people, because the Film museum shows things like the US Library of Congress' copy of "The Patsy" from 1924, starring Marion Davies, the model for Citizen Kane's untalented second wife in Orson Welles' classic.

This info was in part in the annual program and in part from the very nice introduction to the movie that a fellow gives right at the beginning. What a nice change from 20 minutes of commercials like at other theaters. This means of course, that you must show up on time! The complete program is on the website above and included in the local papers and movie websites.

Did mention Film museum is one of the cheapest theaters in Munich? 4 Euros a show, with 2 Euros extra if it's accompanied by live music. Cannot beat that deal. If you want to reserve tickets, you can call and leave a message with your name and how many tickets you want on the answering machine, and you only have to pick them up 15 minute before showtime, not 30 minutes like other theaters.

And there's a quite nice cafe attached - the Stadcafe. Open all afternoon after films, we've been there as late as 1am. Beer, coffee, dinner on a small scale with various pasta dishes. Street seating on St. Jakobsplatz, where the new Jewish Cultural Center is being built, and seating in the inner courtyard of the Stadtmuseum, as well as indoors. Nice cakes too filmsworldin..

CHARLIE CHAPLIN

Charlie Chaplin:

Sir, Charles Spencer "Charlie" Chaplin, KBE (16 April - 25 December 1977) was an English comic actor, film director and composer best-known for his work during the silent film era. He became one of the most famous film stars in the world before the end of World War I. Chaplin used mime, slapstick and other visual comedy routines, and continued well into the era of the talkies, though his films decreased in frequency from the end of the 1920s.

His most famous role was that of The Tramp, which he first played in the Keystone comedy Kid Auto Races at Venice in 1914. From the April 1914 one-reeler Twenty Minutes of Love onwards he was writing and directing most of his films, by 1916 he was also producing them, and form 1918 he was even composing the music for them. With Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks and D.W. Griffith, he co-founded United Artists in 1919.

Chaplin was one of the most creative and influential personalities of the silent-film era. He was influenced by his predecessor, the French silent film comedian Max Linder, to whom he dedicated one of his films. His working life in entertainment spanned over 75 years, from the Victorian stage and the music hall in the United Kingdom as a child performer, until close to his death at the age of 88. His high-profile public and private life encompassed both adulation and controversy. Chaplin's identification with the left ultimately forced him to resettle in Europe during the McCarthy era in the early 1950s.

In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Chaplin the 10th greatest male screen legend of all time. In 2008, Martin Sieff, in a review of the book Chaplin: A Life, wrote: "Chaplin was not just 'big', he was gigantic.

In 1915, he burst onto a war-torn world bringing it the gift of comedy, laughter and relief while it was tearing itself apart through World War I. Over the next 25 years, through the Great Depression and the rise of Adolf Hitler, he stayed on the job...It is doubtful any individual has ever given more entertainment, pleasure and relief to so many human beings when they needed it the most. George Bernard Shaw called Chaplin "the only genius to come out of the movie industry".

LOST FILM

Lost Film:

A lost film is a feature film or short film that is no longer known to exist in studio archives, private collections or public archives such as the Library of Congress, where all American films are deposited and catalogued for copyright reasons. Of American silent films far more have been lost than have survived, and of American sound films made from 1927 to 1950, perhaps half have been lost.

The phrase "lost film" is also used in a literal sense for instances where footage of deleted scenes, unedited and alternative versions of feature films are known to have been created but can no longer be accounted for.

Sometimes a copy of a lost film is rediscovered. A film that has not been recovered in its entirety is called a partially lost film.

Quite often a lost film of a major production studio may have still photographs, shot at the time of production, often on glass negative. Glass negatives if properly maintained can last indefinitely preserving image fidelity.

Reasons for film loss:

Most lost films are from the silent film and early talkie era, from about 1894 to 1930. Martin Scorsese's Film Foundation estimates that 80 percent of the American from this era are lost.

Many early motion pictures are lost because the nitrate film used in that era was extremely flammable. Fires have destroyed entire archives of films; for example, a storage vault fire in 1937 destroyed all the original negatives of Fox Pictures pre-1935 movies. Nitrate film is also chemically unstable over time, and can decay rapidly if not preserved in temperature and humidity controlled storage. Films with a nitrate base can be preserved by being copied to safety film or digitized.

Eastman Kodak introduced a nonflammable 35mm film stock in spring 1909. However, the plasticizers used to make the film flexible evaporated too quickly, making the film dry and brittle, causing splices to part and perforations to tear. By 1911 the major American film studios were back to using nitrate stock. "Safety film" was relegated to sub-35 mm formats such as 16 mm and 8 mm until improvements were made in the late 1940s.

FILM FESTIVAL

Film festival:

A film festival is an organized, extended presentation of films in one or more movie theaters or screening venues, usually in a single locality. More and more often film festivals show part of their films to the public by adding outdoor movie screenings.

The films may be of recent date and, depending upon the focus of the individual festival, can include international releases as well as films produced by the organizers domestic film industry. Sometimes there is a focus on a specific film-maker or genre or subject matter. A number of film festivals specialize in short films, each with its defined maximum length. Film festivals are typically annual events.

History:

The first major film festivals was held in Venice in 1932; the other major and oldest film festivals of the world are: Festivals del film Locarno (1946), Karlovy Vary International Film Festival (1946), Edinburgh International Film Festival (1947), Cannes Film Festival (1947), Melbourne International Film Festival (1951) and Berlin International Film Festival (1951).

The Edinburgh International Film Festival in the UK was established in 1947 and is the longest continually running film festival in the world. Raindance Film Festival is the UK's largest celebration of independent film-making and is taking place in London in October.

The first North American high film festivals was the Columbus International Film & Video Festival, also known as The Chris Awards, held in 1953. According to the Film Arts Foundation in San Francisco, "The Chris Awards (is) one of the most prestigious documentary, educational, business and informational competitions in the U.S; (it is) the oldest of its kind in North America and celebrating its 54th year".

Significant or Notable festivals:

• Asian Film Festivals: Most notable amongst the Asian Film Festivals are the Osian's-Cinefan Film Festivals, which was recently expanded to include Arab Cinema as well, and the Hong Kong International Film Festival (HKIFF).


• European Festivals: The biggest European festivals is the Cannes film festival in France along with Berlin and Venice.

ACADEMY AWARD

Academy Award:

The Academy Award, also known as the Oscar, is an accolade bestowed by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) to recognize excellence of professionals in the film industry. including directors, actors, and writers. The formal ceremony at which the awards are presented is one of the most prominent award ceremonies in the world, and is televised live in more than 200 countries annually. It is also the oldest award ceremony in the media; its equivalents, the Grammy Awards (for music), Emmy Awards (for television), and Tony Awards (for theater) are modeled after the Academy.

The AMPAS was originally conceived by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studio boss Louis B. Mayer as a professional honorary organization to help improve the film industry's image and help mediate labor disputes. The Oscar itself was later initiated by the Academy as an award "of merit for distinctive achievement" in the industry.

The first Academy Awards ceremony was held on May 16, 1929, at the Hotel Roosevelt in Hollywood to honor outstanding film achievements of the 1927/1928 film season. The most recent ceremony, honoring films in 2010, was held at Hollywood's Kodak Theater on February 27, 2011.

Oscar statuette


Design:

Although there are seven other types of awards presented by the Academy, the best known one is the Academy Award of Merit more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. Made of gold-plated britannium on a black metal base, it is 13.5 in (34 cm) tall, weighs 8.5 lb (3.85 kg) and depicts a knight rendered in Art Deco style holding a crusader's sword standing on a reel of film with five spokes. The five spokes each represent the original branches of the Academy: Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers, and Technicians.

Naming:

The root of the name Oscar is contested. One biography of Bette Davis claims that the named the Oscar after her first husband, band leader Harmon Oscar Nelson; one of the earliest mentions in print of the term Oscar dates back to a Time magazine article about the 1934 6th Academy Awards and to Bette Davis's receipt of the award in 1936. Walt Disney is also quoted as thanking the Academy for his Oscar as early as 1932. Another claimed origin is that the Academy's Executive Secretary, Margaret Herrick, first saw the award in 1931 and made reference to the statuette's reminding her of her "Uncle Oscar".

Columnist Sidney Skolsky was present during Herrick's naming and seized the name in his byline, "Employees have affectionately dubbed their famous statuette "Oscar". The trophy was officially dubbed the "Oscar" in 1939 by the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences. Another legend reports that the Norwegian-American Eleanor Lilleberg, executive secretary to Louis B. Mayer, saw the first statuette and exclaimed, "It looks like King Oscar II!. At the end of the day she asked, "What should we do with Oscar, put him in the vault?" and the name stuck.

AUDIENCE RESPONSE

Audience response:

Audience response is a type of interaction associated with the use of audience response systems, to create interactivity between a presenter and his/her audience. Systems for co-located audiences combine wireless hardware with presentation software, and systems for remote audiences may use telephones or web polls for audiences watching through television or the Internet. In educational settings, such systems are often called "student response systems" or "personal response systems". The hand-held remote control that students use to convey their responses to questions is often called a "clicker".


The audience response process for co-located audiences:

The presenter uses a computer and a video projector to project a presentation for the audience to see. In the most common use of such audience response systems, presentation slides built with the audience response software display questions with several possible answers, more commonly referred to as multiple choice questions. The audience participates by selecting the answer they believe to be correct and pushing the corresponding key on their individual wireless keypad. Their answer is then sent to a base station - or receiver - that is also attached to the presenter's computer. The audience response software collects the results, and the aggregate data is graphically displayed within the presentation for all to see. Some clickers also have additional keys, allowing the presenter to ask True/False questions or even questions calling for particular numerical answers.

Audience response systems:

An audience response system (ARS), or personal response system (PRS), allows large groups of people to vote on a topic or answer a question. Each person has a device with which selections can be made. Each remote communications with a computer via receivers located around the room or via a single receiver connected to the presenter's computer using a USB connector. After a set time - or after all participants have answered - the system ends the polling for that particular question and tabulates the results. Typically, the results are instantly made available to the participants via a bar graph displayed on the projector.

In situations where tracking is required, the serial number of each remote control or the students identity number is entered beforehand in the control computer's database. In this way the answer of each individual can later identified.

In addition to the presenter's computer and projector, the typical audience response system has the following components:

• base station (receiver)


•  wireless keypads (one for each participant)


• audience response system software

BROADCASTING

Broadcasting:

Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and video content to a dispersed audience via radio, television, or other. Receiving parties may include the general public or a relatively large subset of thereof.

The original term broadcast referred to the literal sowing of seeds on farms by scattering them over a wide field. It was first adopted by early radio engineers from the Midwestern United States to refer to the analogous dissemination of radio signals. Broadcasting forms a very large segment of the mass media. Broadcasting to a very narrow range of audience is called narrowcasting.

Forms of electronic broadcasting:

Historically, there have been several different types of electronic broadcasting media:

• Telephone broadcasting (1881-1932): the earliest form of electronic broadcasting. Telephone broadcasting began with the advent of Theatrophone systems, which were telephone-based distribution systems allowing subscribers to listen to live opera and theater performances over telephone lines, created by French inventor Clement Ader in 1881. Telephone broadcasting also grew include telephone newspaper services for news and entertainment programming which were introduced in the 1890s, primarily located in large European cities. These telephone-based subscription services were the first example of electrical/electronic broadcasting and offered a wide variety of programming.

• Radio broadcasting: radio broadcasting is an audio broadcasting service, broadcasting through the air as radio waves from a transmitter to an antenna and, thus, to a receiving device. Stations can be linked in radio networks to broadcast common programming, either in syndication or simulcast or both.

• Television broadcasting(telecast), experimentally from 1925, commercially from the 1930s: this video-programming medium was long-awaited by the general public and rapidly rose to compete with its older radio-broadcasting sibling.

    

• Cable radio (cable FM, from 1928) and cable television (from 1932): both via coaxial cable, serving principally as transmission mediums for programming produced at either radio or television stations, with limited production of cable-dedicated programming.

MULTIMEDIA

Multimedia:

Multimedia is media and content that uses a combination of different content forms. The term can be used as a noun or as an adjective describing a medium as having multiple content forms. The term is used in contrast to media which only use traditional forms of printed or hand-produced material. Multimedia includes a combination of text, audio, still images, animation, video, and interactivity content forms.

Multimedia is usually recorded and played, displayed or accessed by information content processing devices, such as computerized and electronic devices, but can also be part of a live performance. Multimedia also describes electronic media devices used to store and experience multimedia content. Multimedia is distinguished from mixed media in fine art; by including audio, for example, it has a broader scope. The term "rich media" is synonymous for interactive multimedia. Hypermedia can be considered one particular multimedia application.

Categorization of multimedia:

Multimedia may be broadly divided into linear and non-linear categories. Linear active content progresses without any navigational control for the viewer such as a cinema presentation. Non-linear content offers user interactivity to control progress as used with a computer game or used in self-paced computer based training. Hypermedia is an example of non-linear content.

Multimedia presentations can be live or recorded. A recorded presentation may allow interactivity via a navigation system. A live multimedia presentation may allow interactivity via an interaction with the presenter or performer.

Major characteristics of multimedia:

Multimedia presentations may be viewed by person on stage, projected, transmitted, or played locally with a media player. A broadcast may be a live or recorded multimedia presentation. Broadcasts and recordings can be either analog or digital electronic media technology. Digital online multimedia may be downloaded or streamed. Streaming multimedia may be live or on-demand.

Multimedia games and simulations may be used in a physical environment with special effects, with multiple users in an online network, or locally with an offline computer, game system, or simulator.

The various formats of technological or digital multimedia may be intended to enhance the users experience, for example to make it easier and faster to convey information. Or in entertainment or art, to transcend everyday experience.

ANIMATION

Animation:

Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or 3D artwork or model positions in order to create an illusion of movement. The effect is an optical illusion of motion due to the phenomenon of persistence of vision, and can be created and demonstrated in several ways. The most common method of presenting animation is as a motion picture or video program, although there are other methods.

Traditional animation:

Traditional animation was the process used for most animated films of the 20th century. The individual frames of a traditionally animated film are photographs of drawings, which are first drawn on paper. To create the illusion of movement, each drawing differs slightly from the one before it. The animators drawings are traced or photocopied onto transparent acetate sheets called cels, which are filled in with paints in assigned colors or tones on the side opposite the line drawings. The completed character cells are photographed one-by-one onto motion picture film against a painted background by a rostrum camera.

Computer animation:

Computer animation encompasses a variety of techniques, the unifying factor being that the animation is created digitally on a computer.

2D animation:

2D animation figures are created and/or edited on the computer using 2D bitmap graphics or created and edited using 2D vector graphics. This includes automated computerized versions of traditional animation techniques such as of tweening. morphing, onion skinning and interpolated rotoscoping.

Examples: Foster's Home for Imaginary friends, Danny Phantom, Waltz with Bashir, The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy

• Analog computer animation


• Flash animation


• PowerPoint animation

3D animation:

3D animation is digitally modeled and manipulated by an animator. In order to manipulate a mesh, it is given a digital skeletal structure that can be used to control the mesh. This process is called rigging.

Various other techniques can be applied, such as mathematical functions, simulated fur or hair, effects such as fire and water and the use of motion capture to name but a few, these techniques fall under the category of 3D dynamics. Well-made 3D animations can be difficult to distinguish from live action and are commonly used as visual effects for recent movies.

DIGITAL CINEMA

Digital Cinema:

Digital cinema refers to the use of digital technology to distribute and project motion pictures. A movie can be distributed via hard drives, optical disks, optical disks or satellite and projected using a digital projector instead of a conventional film projector. Digital cinema is distinct from high-definition television and, in particular, is not dependent on using television or HDTV standards, aspect ratios, or frame rates. Digital projectors capable of 2K resolution began deploying in 2005, and since 2006, the pace has accelerated.

Digital capture:

As of 2009, the most common acquisition medium for digitally projected feature is 35mm film scanned and processed at 2K (2048x1556) or 4K (4096x2160) resolution via digital intermediate. Most digital features to date have been shot at 1920x1080 HD resolution using cameras such as the Sony CineAlta, Panavision Genesis or Thomson Viper. New cameras such as the Arri Alexa can capture 2K resolution images, and the Red Digital Cinema Camera Company's Red One can record 4K. The marketshare of 2K projection in digital cinemas is over 98%. Currently in development are other cameras capable of recording 4K RAW, such as Dalsa Corporation's Origin and Canon's 4K "Multipurpose", and cameras capable of recording 5K, such as the RED EPIC, and cameras capable of recording 3K such as the RED SCARLET.

Digital post-production:

In the post-production process, cameras-original film negatives are scanned into a digital format on a scanner or high-resolution telecine. Data from digital motion picture cameras may be converted to a convenient image file format for work in a facility. All of the files are 'conformed' to match an edit list created by the film editor, and are then color corrected under the direction of the film's staff. The end result of post-production is a digital intermediate used to record the motion picture to film and/or for the digital cinema release.

Digital mastering:

When all of the sound, picture, and data elements of a production have been completed, they may be assembled into a Digital Cinema Distribution Mater (DCDM) which contains all of the digital material needed for projection. The images and sound are then compressed, encrypted, and packaged to form the Digital Cinema package (DCP).

HORROR FILM

Horror Film:

Horror films are unsettling movies that strive to elicit the emotions of fear, disgust and horror from viewers. They often feature scenes that startle the viewer through the means of macabre and the supernatural, thus frequently overlapping with the fantasy and science fiction genres. Horrors also frequently overlap with the thriller genre.

Horror films deal with the viewer's nightmares, hidden worst fears, revulsions and terror of the unknown. Al;though a good deal of it is about the supernatural, if some films contain a plot about morbidity, serial killers, a diseases/virus outbreak and surrealism, they may be termed "horror".

Plots written within the horror genre often involve the intrusion of an evil force, event, or personage, commonly of supernatural origin, into the everyday world. Themes or elements often prevalent in typical horror films include ghosts, torture, gore, werewolves, ancient curses, satanism, demons, vicious animals, vampires, cannibals, haunted houses, zombies and masked serial killers. Conversely, stories of the supernatural are not necessarily always a horror movies as well.

What is considered to be a horror film has varied from decade to decade. Films that were once called horror, would now be categorized as thrillers. These days, the term "horror" is applied to films which display more explicit gore, jump scenes/scares or supernatural content.

History:

1890s-1920s:

The first depictions of supernatural events appear in several of the silent shorts created by film pioneers such as Georges Melies in the late 1890s, the most notable being his 1896 Le Manoir du diable which is sometimes credited as being the first horror film. Another of his horror projects was 1898s La Caverne maudite.


Japan made early forays into the horror genre with Bake Jizo and Shinin no Sosei, both made in 1898. In 1910, Edison Studios produced the first bone chilling film version of Frankenstein; thought lost for many years, film collector Alois Felix Dettlaff Sr. found a copy and had a 1993 rerelease.